1. Page 130-131, I am very confused by the mechanisms of peptide hormones and steroid hormones. The figures given confused me even more. How exactly do these hormones work and in what order do they go through to show something outwardly? 2. Page 142. in the section on Hormonal Suppression of Behavior it doesn't really explain exactly how animals do this this part of rapidly or selectively suppressing a behavior through hormones confuses me greatly and I don't understand what this section is saying at all. 3. Page 147, in the section about scent-marking it only talks about dogs and how they will scent mark with urine but also says how a lot of mammals scent-mark. But it only gave an example of a dog. Also how long has the domestic dog been called Canis lupus, the same scientific name as the wolf?
Chapter 7, Page 129- Nervous and endocrine system work closely together and can be called the neuroendocrine system, is this for all species or just some? Then they go o to mention that these two separate systems are similar but have different purposes. I am just a little confused on how they work together and then separate. Chapter 7, page 134: Hormones also play an important role with muscle development and motor neurons. Is this relationship similar to the nervous system with hormones ? It seems to be just as close but the book doesn't emphasize this relationship as much as they did for the nervous system. Chapter 7, page 136: I am confused on how the interventional approach works. So they take out the gland that produces the hormone, watches to see what happens and then add the hormone themselves to see if it actually that causing the behavior? With adding the hormone themselves they can control the level, which is cool but I just wonder if there was another way to do this without removing the testes or whatever gland they are looking at.
Q1&2: I'll try to clarify this tomorrow. Q3: Thing about why they might also have to remove the source of the natural hormone to get at the question they're asking. We'll talk about this when we look at necessary & sufficient criteria and activational vs. organizational effects of hormones.
1. Chapter 7, Page 129: Here they are talking about 20HE and how the female shore crab uses it as a hormone and a pheromone. I was wondering if this occurs in many species? Can all hormones at one point or another act as pheromones? I would assume that only a few select hormones can double as pheromones but I'm just very confused on if its some or all. 2. Chapter 7, page 133-134: They discussed how hormones effected muscles. I know that muscles are also controlled by ion influxes and action potentials. Do ion influxes work simultaneously with hormones? 3. Chapter 7, page 145: In regards to onlookers in the social environment; do asocial species get territorial at all? Do they still experience onlookers, since there are probably other species living in the same habitat?
Q1 I find the hormone vs. pheromone component tricky as well. I like to think of a hormone as a chemical that influences change WITHIN the individual whereas the pheromone is something that is released to produce a change OUTSIDE of the organism. Very few hormones are pheromones whereas most pheromones are hormones.
1. Chapter 7, page 129: When talking about 20HE, the book mentions that it only deters males from feeding. If it doesn't influence other females, could they eat a female releasing 20HE, or would the male recognize it as a threat? It seems like it might be more advantageous for it to influence both sexes. 2. Chapter 7, page 133: The difference in song between males and females in zebra finches is linked to hormones. If you exposed females to the same hormonal changes that the males experience, could that cause them to sing? 3. Chapter 7, page 143: How might the dissociated reproductive pattern have developed? Did it cost too much to prepare the sex steroids just before mating?
Page 129- If the nervous and endocrine system work together, but still have different responsibilities, if one system is damaged would that affect the other system, or no? I'm a little confused about what the author is saying how the systems go hand in hand but can still be different Page 135- When using interventional studies, is that similar to testing whether something is necessary or sufficient? Page 143-I can understand how constant/opportunistic reproductive patterns and dissociated reproductive patterns relate to adjusting to environment but how does the associated reproductive pattern relate to environment if it only discusses gonadal activity and mating? What is the primary stimulus that causes gonadal activity to increase and activate mating behavior?
1.)Chapter 7, page 131: It says that "Although different hormones produce different effects, the sex steroids are chemically very similar." it then said that Testosterone and estradiol are similar, and as a result some behavior patterns may be activated by either testosterone or estradiol. My question is, why are sex steroids similar to other steroids like estradiol, and what even is estradiol?
2.) Chapter 7, page 136: Here is discussed that when green anole was castrated, aggressive displays still occurred in his home cage, but when they moved to a new cage, aggression declined and resembled sexual behaviors. Are there other hormones that can have this similar experience like when testosterone is removed? if they kept the castrated anole in the same cage for a long period of time, would it still show aggression or would it decrease over time since testosterone isn't being produced?
3.)Chapter 7, page 142: Here it talks about hormonal suppression of behavior in the newt. I was wondering if environmental circumstances (like a predator) made an increase of a chemical that stops the newt from grasping a female, what happens if the female sense a predator first? Would she not be able to get away until the male newt detects it as well and lets go? Does hormonal suppression of behavior occur for females in this capacity?
1) Chapter 7, page 130: When discussing hormonal transfer of information, the book states that the chemical messengers contact all of the cells in the body, but that only some cells are able to respond to the hormonal stimulus. I was curious as to what factors cause a cell to be a "target cell" (have the ability to recognize and bind to specific hormones)? Do all cells have this ability, but it just depends on what the specific hormonal stimulus is? Or do only certain cells have this ability?
2) Chapter 7, page 135: When discussing the technique of gland removal and hormone replacement therapy, it is said that the effects of the gland removal are reversed by replacing the hormone. However, are there any other effects that take place during this removal and replacement? For instance, are there any long-lasting effects on the lizards that this technique is used on?
3) Chapter 7, page 146-147: I was very intrigued by the concept of "helpers" in certain species. Although the book mentioned a few hypotheses as to why these animals help other breeding pairs or why they are unable to/ lack the opportunity to breed, I was curious as to if the breeding pair actually benefits substantially from the helper? Clearly not all animals have these non-breeding helpers to aid them in rearing their young, so it doesn't seem to be necessary; do certain species always have a helper? Or do these non-breeding individuals only occur occasionally? How much benefit do the helpers actually provide/ are there higher survival rates of the young that do have helpers?
We'll read more about helpers when we get to altruism. It's a really interesting phenomenon and the function for helping varies from species to species. Helpers definitely provide a benefit to offspring (in all species where there are helpers, offspring fair better with the helpers than if you remove the helpers).
1.) page 130, It describes how both peptide and steroid hormones must bind to receptor molecules on the surface of the cell in order to cause changes in the DNA and to produce behavioral changes, if an animal has issues with their receptor molecules on their cells will this cause it to behave differently than other, healthier individuals of the same species, and if so will this cause the individual to be less likely to survive and to pass on its genes?
2.) page 133, it explains how hormones have effects on muscles, more specifically on the calls of frogs, and how famale frogs produce rapping calls that stimulates the males to answer. could this rapping call that the female frogs make be a form of a releaseor, because it causes the male to react or produce a FAP after hearing the rapping call and because it occurs after hearing the males initial call?
3.) page 136, The book talks about the relationship of testosterone and aggressive behaviors, and how when a male animal is castrated and placed into its original environment it will display the same aggressive/ territorial behaviors but if the same animal is placed into a new environment it will display less aggressive behaviors than before its castration. now if a domesticated animal such as a pet dog was fixed before being brought to a new environment, such as a new home, would it display less territorial/protective behaviors than one that wasn't fixed and brought to the same new environment?
P. 132) Describes neurosteroids as CNS-based steroids that act as influences for the cell it is based in, and for surrounding cells. But only describes and claims what they influence physically and not what it is that neurosteriods do for the cell. What's the purpose of these different types of steroids? P. 135: Hormonal research may require surgical removal of glands to halt production. But if certain actions and physiological responses require the hormone to be present in some level, would those also be removed with the end of hormone production? P. 139: Discussing results of castrated male rats at birth/as pinkies, why are adult castrated males more successful with female solicitation than males who are in-tact. But other castrated males who have testosterone shots injected are only as successful as males intact. Why is the lack of testosterone so much more advantageous with soliciting females?
1. Page 130-131, I am very confused by the mechanisms of peptide hormones and steroid hormones. The figures given confused me even more. How exactly do these hormones work and in what order do they go through to show something outwardly?
ReplyDelete2. Page 142. in the section on Hormonal Suppression of Behavior it doesn't really explain exactly how animals do this this part of rapidly or selectively suppressing a behavior through hormones confuses me greatly and I don't understand what this section is saying at all.
3. Page 147, in the section about scent-marking it only talks about dogs and how they will scent mark with urine but also says how a lot of mammals scent-mark. But it only gave an example of a dog. Also how long has the domestic dog been called Canis lupus, the same scientific name as the wolf?
Chapter 7, Page 129- Nervous and endocrine system work closely together and can be called the neuroendocrine system, is this for all species or just some? Then they go o to mention that these two separate systems are similar but have different purposes. I am just a little confused on how they work together and then separate.
ReplyDeleteChapter 7, page 134: Hormones also play an important role with muscle development and motor neurons. Is this relationship similar to the nervous system with hormones ? It seems to be just as close but the book doesn't emphasize this relationship as much as they did for the nervous system.
Chapter 7, page 136: I am confused on how the interventional approach works. So they take out the gland that produces the hormone, watches to see what happens and then add the hormone themselves to see if it actually that causing the behavior? With adding the hormone themselves they can control the level, which is cool but I just wonder if there was another way to do this without removing the testes or whatever gland they are looking at.
Q1&2: I'll try to clarify this tomorrow.
DeleteQ3: Thing about why they might also have to remove the source of the natural hormone to get at the question they're asking. We'll talk about this when we look at necessary & sufficient criteria and activational vs. organizational effects of hormones.
1. Chapter 7, Page 129: Here they are talking about 20HE and how the female shore crab uses it as a hormone and a pheromone. I was wondering if this occurs in many species? Can all hormones at one point or another act as pheromones? I would assume that only a few select hormones can double as pheromones but I'm just very confused on if its some or all.
ReplyDelete2. Chapter 7, page 133-134: They discussed how hormones effected muscles. I know that muscles are also controlled by ion influxes and action potentials. Do ion influxes work simultaneously with hormones?
3. Chapter 7, page 145: In regards to onlookers in the social environment; do asocial species get territorial at all? Do they still experience onlookers, since there are probably other species living in the same habitat?
Q1 I find the hormone vs. pheromone component tricky as well. I like to think of a hormone as a chemical that influences change WITHIN the individual whereas the pheromone is something that is released to produce a change OUTSIDE of the organism. Very few hormones are pheromones whereas most pheromones are hormones.
Delete1. Chapter 7, page 129: When talking about 20HE, the book mentions that it only deters males from feeding. If it doesn't influence other females, could they eat a female releasing 20HE, or would the male recognize it as a threat? It seems like it might be more advantageous for it to influence both sexes.
ReplyDelete2. Chapter 7, page 133: The difference in song between males and females in zebra finches is linked to hormones. If you exposed females to the same hormonal changes that the males experience, could that cause them to sing?
3. Chapter 7, page 143: How might the dissociated reproductive pattern have developed? Did it cost too much to prepare the sex steroids just before mating?
Page 129- If the nervous and endocrine system work together, but still have different responsibilities, if one system is damaged would that affect the other system, or no? I'm a little confused about what the author is saying how the systems go hand in hand but can still be different
ReplyDeletePage 135- When using interventional studies, is that similar to testing whether something is necessary or sufficient?
Page 143-I can understand how constant/opportunistic reproductive patterns and dissociated reproductive patterns relate to adjusting to environment but how does the associated reproductive pattern relate to environment if it only discusses gonadal activity and mating? What is the primary stimulus that causes gonadal activity to increase and activate mating behavior?
1.)Chapter 7, page 131: It says that "Although different hormones produce different effects, the sex steroids are chemically very similar." it then said that Testosterone and estradiol are similar, and as a result some behavior patterns may be activated by either testosterone or estradiol. My question is, why are sex steroids similar to other steroids like estradiol, and what even is estradiol?
ReplyDelete2.) Chapter 7, page 136: Here is discussed that when green anole was castrated, aggressive displays still occurred in his home cage, but when they moved to a new cage, aggression declined and resembled sexual behaviors. Are there other hormones that can have this similar experience like when testosterone is removed? if they kept the castrated anole in the same cage for a long period of time, would it still show aggression or would it decrease over time since testosterone isn't being produced?
3.)Chapter 7, page 142: Here it talks about hormonal suppression of behavior in the newt. I was wondering if environmental circumstances (like a predator) made an increase of a chemical that stops the newt from grasping a female, what happens if the female sense a predator first? Would she not be able to get away until the male newt detects it as well and lets go? Does hormonal suppression of behavior occur for females in this capacity?
Estradiol is a sex steroid hormone.
Delete1) Chapter 7, page 130: When discussing hormonal transfer of information, the book states that the chemical messengers contact all of the cells in the body, but that only some cells are able to respond to the hormonal stimulus. I was curious as to what factors cause a cell to be a "target cell" (have the ability to recognize and bind to specific hormones)? Do all cells have this ability, but it just depends on what the specific hormonal stimulus is? Or do only certain cells have this ability?
ReplyDelete2) Chapter 7, page 135: When discussing the technique of gland removal and hormone replacement therapy, it is said that the effects of the gland removal are reversed by replacing the hormone. However, are there any other effects that take place during this removal and replacement? For instance, are there any long-lasting effects on the lizards that this technique is used on?
3) Chapter 7, page 146-147: I was very intrigued by the concept of "helpers" in certain species. Although the book mentioned a few hypotheses as to why these animals help other breeding pairs or why they are unable to/ lack the opportunity to breed, I was curious as to if the breeding pair actually benefits substantially from the helper? Clearly not all animals have these non-breeding helpers to aid them in rearing their young, so it doesn't seem to be necessary; do certain species always have a helper? Or do these non-breeding individuals only occur occasionally? How much benefit do the helpers actually provide/ are there higher survival rates of the young that do have helpers?
We'll read more about helpers when we get to altruism. It's a really interesting phenomenon and the function for helping varies from species to species. Helpers definitely provide a benefit to offspring (in all species where there are helpers, offspring fair better with the helpers than if you remove the helpers).
Delete1.) page 130, It describes how both peptide and steroid hormones must bind to receptor molecules on the surface of the cell in order to cause changes in the DNA and to produce behavioral changes, if an animal has issues with their receptor molecules on their cells will this cause it to behave differently than other, healthier individuals of the same species, and if so will this cause the individual to be less likely to survive and to pass on its genes?
ReplyDelete2.) page 133, it explains how hormones have effects on muscles, more specifically on the calls of frogs, and how famale frogs produce rapping calls that stimulates the males to answer. could this rapping call that the female frogs make be a form of a releaseor, because it causes the male to react or produce a FAP after hearing the rapping call and because it occurs after hearing the males initial call?
3.) page 136, The book talks about the relationship of testosterone and aggressive behaviors, and how when a male animal is castrated and placed into its original environment it will display the same aggressive/ territorial behaviors but if the same animal is placed into a new environment it will display less aggressive behaviors than before its castration. now if a domesticated animal such as a pet dog was fixed before being brought to a new environment, such as a new home, would it display less territorial/protective behaviors than one that wasn't fixed and brought to the same new environment?
P. 132) Describes neurosteroids as CNS-based steroids that act as influences for the cell it is based in, and for surrounding cells. But only describes and claims what they influence physically and not what it is that neurosteriods do for the cell. What's the purpose of these different types of steroids?
ReplyDeleteP. 135: Hormonal research may require surgical removal of glands to halt production. But if certain actions and physiological responses require the hormone to be present in some level, would those also be removed with the end of hormone production?
P. 139: Discussing results of castrated male rats at birth/as pinkies, why are adult castrated males more successful with female solicitation than males who are in-tact. But other castrated males who have testosterone shots injected are only as successful as males intact. Why is the lack of testosterone so much more advantageous with soliciting females?