Chapter 19, page 424, I am a little confused with cooperative hunting. In a group of 5-6 hunting, the energy intake is higher than in small groups. Is this because there is more individuals killing, causing them to use less energy or because they can kill more food? Chapter 19, page 430. For location, parents will feed any offspring in their nest and ignore their own if they are in a neighboring nest. parents then begin paying attention to own offspring when they begin to call and ignore offspring that is not theirs. How do the offspring know how to do the right call if their parents didn't raise them? is the call always genetic? Chapter 19, page 432. For reciprocal altruism, what happens if the species doesn't repay the favor? Is that what the jail example is trying to explain? I am sure hearing an explanation of this in class will help clear it up.
Chapter 19, Page 428: Is inbreeding considered when calculating the coefficient of relatedness in order to assess the probability that relatives share the same allele? Group living species are especially prone to inbreeding, so I assume this would effect the calculations, but it was not specifically addressed in the reading.
Chapter 19, Page 431: Can you further explain how the recognition allele works? Is this how the other forms of kin discrimination are able to function? Do all animals have this allele?
Chapter 19, Page 445: I noticed that hyena's score a zero on the reproductive skew, meaning that reproductive success over a lifetime is equal for all members. But this isn't true right? For females yes, but not the males since only the top male is given mating access. Am I misunderstanding how the index of reproductive skew is measured?
You're right with the hyenas in theory; but remember the males in the group are mostly the related male juveniles (until they get kicked out), the breeding male, and then some hangers on on the outskirts. I think what is happening here is that they don't count the sad sacks on the outskirts as part of the group. Therefore, since the hyena society is matrilineal the score would be zero.
Chapter 19 pg 434---when talking about manipulation, could you say that it is a dishonest signal because an individual is being coerced into helping? Chapter 19 pg 437--How can the dominant wild turkey be dominant if his brothers are needed to essentially be his wing man so he can mate? Wouldn't a dominant male be dominant in a sense where they don't need additional assistance? What kind of factor caused this assistance to be needed in order to be successful? Chapter 19 pg 441-Is there a way we would be able to determine the consequence by adding or removing helpers but also controlling for the effects of social structure and size? Could we use species that have helpers but shape them so they don't aid in raising young?
Chapter 19, page 431: When discussing recognition alleles, the author states that insects are not the only animals with this potential, and then goes into explaining the MHC region of DNA. Is the MHC region is said to be found in amphibians and mammals- including humans. Does this region work the same way in animals as it does in humans? Or are there variations?
2. Chapter 19, page 433: When discussing reciprocal altruism, it is said that it is most likely to occur in species who are highly social and have a good memory, long life span, and low dispersal rate. Does reciprocal altruism or altruism in general ever occur in species who are not known to be highly social? If so, what would lead to the occurrence of altruism in non-social species?
3. Chapter 19, page 446: Do we know why eusocial species tend to be insects and not mammals? would being eusocial be any less beneficial to mammals than it is to insects? Why?
Yep MHC works similarly in all mammals. It helps avoid both inbreeding and outbreeding. We'll discuss what factors might select for eusociality more in lecture.
1. Chapter 19 page 430. I don't really understand what Phenotype matching is. While I understand how it works, sorta, I don't understand how animals know. What if there are many phenotypes in a population that are the same as an animals kin? Does that mean they are related but what if they aren't ? Wouldn't this be a missed mating opportunity? How do recognition alleles fit into this? Could this be how they figure out if a phenotype that seems like family isn't family? 2. Chapter 19 page 434-435. I am confused as to what it means by manipulation. I don't understand why this happens shouldn't the parents who have given genes to offspring want them to reproduce to further release their genes into an environment? Why do parents manipulate their young into helping them reproduce when their young could be having more young further releasing their genes into the environment? 3. Chapter 19 page 440-442. I am completely confused about helpers. Helpers help with the young correct? Then how is helping not really helping as it says later? I don't understand how helping or helpers work in some species but don't help at all in others. If they don't help in certain species then why do they exist? What is the reason for them being there if their helping isn't really helpful?
1. Chapter 19, page 430-431. in regards to Phenotype Matching: How does an animal learn another's phenotype? Are they taught how to do it through their parents/ relatives or is it a natural experience?
2. Chapter 19, page 434. In terms of manipulation: does an animal every manipulate a situation (that doesn't have anything wrong) in ability to help an individual (who doesn't need help) in order to increase its inclusive fitness?
3. Chapter 19, Pages 445-446. In terms of Eusociality: what are the benefits and the costs? Does one outweigh the other more? I feel as this type of living could be very costly energy wise because you always have to be working hard in order to keep the group running smoothly.
Chapter 19, page 428: When reading about how things that look like altruism can actually benefit the individual, I thought about anthropomorphism. The book says that before assuming an action is altruistic to consider potential benefits. I do wonder if our, as humans, natural inclination towards altruism makes it a little harder to pick apart. Chapter 19, page 431: The recognition allele would need to cause some perceptible trait for others to pick up on. I found it interesting that there is no evidence of MCH affecting odor perception. Is the lack of evidence due to not enough research, or inconclusive results? Because odor seems like a viable way to recognize individuals as kin or nonkin. Chapter 19, page 433: Do all three of Trivers' conditions need to be met to see reciprocal altruism? They all make sense, but I was curious if we still saw it in species lacking one of those conditions.
Ch19: p424-426: Personally, I feel like the benefits of living in groups outweighs the risks of doing such. Living together provides easier hunting, protection from higher-up food chain predators, safety from weather and other ways to conserve energy. Unless the temperament of the species is naturally aggressive, I would expect all animals to naturally live in packs/colonies. I don't see why this isn't more common in the wild. Ch19: P:433, If altruism is advantageous, and altruism among non-relatives (reciprocal altruism) has been defined and recorded, then I do not see why any species would find it be better to live on its own by choice. That is, unless an individual is banished from his community/colony, would there be any more advantages left to be on its own? Ch:19. P:439: Discussing the Olive Baboons, would the returning help of 'Male B' for 'Male C's a guarantee? Could the Male who requested the help to win a specific female not return the favor without penalty, or would the troop know if the social bond he made was broken?
Chapter 19, page 424, I am a little confused with cooperative hunting. In a group of 5-6 hunting, the energy intake is higher than in small groups. Is this because there is more individuals killing, causing them to use less energy or because they can kill more food?
ReplyDeleteChapter 19, page 430. For location, parents will feed any offspring in their nest and ignore their own if they are in a neighboring nest. parents then begin paying attention to own offspring when they begin to call and ignore offspring that is not theirs. How do the offspring know how to do the right call if their parents didn't raise them? is the call always genetic?
Chapter 19, page 432. For reciprocal altruism, what happens if the species doesn't repay the favor? Is that what the jail example is trying to explain? I am sure hearing an explanation of this in class will help clear it up.
I'll be sure to talk about cooperative hunting and what happens if a reciprocator doesn't reciprocate in lecture.
DeleteChapter 19, Page 428: Is inbreeding considered when calculating the coefficient of relatedness in order to assess the probability that relatives share the same allele? Group living species are especially prone to inbreeding, so I assume this would effect the calculations, but it was not specifically addressed in the reading.
ReplyDeleteChapter 19, Page 431: Can you further explain how the recognition allele works? Is this how the other forms of kin discrimination are able to function? Do all animals have this allele?
Chapter 19, Page 445: I noticed that hyena's score a zero on the reproductive skew, meaning that reproductive success over a lifetime is equal for all members. But this isn't true right? For females yes, but not the males since only the top male is given mating access. Am I misunderstanding how the index of reproductive skew is measured?
You're right with the hyenas in theory; but remember the males in the group are mostly the related male juveniles (until they get kicked out), the breeding male, and then some hangers on on the outskirts. I think what is happening here is that they don't count the sad sacks on the outskirts as part of the group. Therefore, since the hyena society is matrilineal the score would be zero.
DeleteChapter 19 pg 434---when talking about manipulation, could you say that it is a dishonest signal because an individual is being coerced into helping?
ReplyDeleteChapter 19 pg 437--How can the dominant wild turkey be dominant if his brothers are needed to essentially be his wing man so he can mate? Wouldn't a dominant male be dominant in a sense where they don't need additional assistance? What kind of factor caused this assistance to be needed in order to be successful?
Chapter 19 pg 441-Is there a way we would be able to determine the consequence by adding or removing helpers but also controlling for the effects of social structure and size? Could we use species that have helpers but shape them so they don't aid in raising young?
I'll be sure to discuss cooperative breeding more. Your third question is a great question!
DeleteChapter 19, page 431: When discussing recognition alleles, the author states that insects are not the only animals with this potential, and then goes into explaining the MHC region of DNA. Is the MHC region is said to be found in amphibians and mammals- including humans. Does this region work the same way in animals as it does in humans? Or are there variations?
ReplyDelete2. Chapter 19, page 433: When discussing reciprocal altruism, it is said that it is most likely to occur in species who are highly social and have a good memory, long life span, and low dispersal rate. Does reciprocal altruism or altruism in general ever occur in species who are not known to be highly social? If so, what would lead to the occurrence of altruism in non-social species?
3. Chapter 19, page 446: Do we know why eusocial species tend to be insects and not mammals? would being eusocial be any less beneficial to mammals than it is to insects? Why?
Yep MHC works similarly in all mammals. It helps avoid both inbreeding and outbreeding.
DeleteWe'll discuss what factors might select for eusociality more in lecture.
1. Chapter 19 page 430. I don't really understand what Phenotype matching is. While I understand how it works, sorta, I don't understand how animals know. What if there are many phenotypes in a population that are the same as an animals kin? Does that mean they are related but what if they aren't ? Wouldn't this be a missed mating opportunity? How do recognition alleles fit into this? Could this be how they figure out if a phenotype that seems like family isn't family?
ReplyDelete2. Chapter 19 page 434-435. I am confused as to what it means by manipulation. I don't understand why this happens shouldn't the parents who have given genes to offspring want them to reproduce to further release their genes into an environment? Why do parents manipulate their young into helping them reproduce when their young could be having more young further releasing their genes into the environment?
3. Chapter 19 page 440-442. I am completely confused about helpers. Helpers help with the young correct? Then how is helping not really helping as it says later? I don't understand how helping or helpers work in some species but don't help at all in others. If they don't help in certain species then why do they exist? What is the reason for them being there if their helping isn't really helpful?
1. Chapter 19, page 430-431. in regards to Phenotype Matching: How does an animal learn another's phenotype? Are they taught how to do it through their parents/ relatives or is it a natural experience?
ReplyDelete2. Chapter 19, page 434. In terms of manipulation: does an animal every manipulate a situation (that doesn't have anything wrong) in ability to help an individual (who doesn't need help) in order to increase its inclusive fitness?
3. Chapter 19, Pages 445-446. In terms of Eusociality: what are the benefits and the costs? Does one outweigh the other more? I feel as this type of living could be very costly energy wise because you always have to be working hard in order to keep the group running smoothly.
Chapter 19, page 428: When reading about how things that look like altruism can actually benefit the individual, I thought about anthropomorphism. The book says that before assuming an action is altruistic to consider potential benefits. I do wonder if our, as humans, natural inclination towards altruism makes it a little harder to pick apart.
ReplyDeleteChapter 19, page 431: The recognition allele would need to cause some perceptible trait for others to pick up on. I found it interesting that there is no evidence of MCH affecting odor perception. Is the lack of evidence due to not enough research, or inconclusive results? Because odor seems like a viable way to recognize individuals as kin or nonkin.
Chapter 19, page 433: Do all three of Trivers' conditions need to be met to see reciprocal altruism? They all make sense, but I was curious if we still saw it in species lacking one of those conditions.
Ch19: p424-426: Personally, I feel like the benefits of living in groups outweighs the risks of doing such. Living together provides easier hunting, protection from higher-up food chain predators, safety from weather and other ways to conserve energy. Unless the temperament of the species is naturally aggressive, I would expect all animals to naturally live in packs/colonies. I don't see why this isn't more common in the wild.
ReplyDeleteCh19: P:433, If altruism is advantageous, and altruism among non-relatives (reciprocal altruism) has been defined and recorded, then I do not see why any species would find it be better to live on its own by choice. That is, unless an individual is banished from his community/colony, would there be any more advantages left to be on its own?
Ch:19. P:439: Discussing the Olive Baboons, would the returning help of 'Male B' for 'Male C's a guarantee? Could the Male who requested the help to win a specific female not return the favor without penalty, or would the troop know if the social bond he made was broken?