Chapter 12, Page 263: Is search image formation connected to the idea that an adaptation is typically only beneficial when it is uncommon? Therefore when that image is common it is more often hunted by predators?
Chapter 12, Page 267: Does the marginal value theorem only consider food resource availability? I would think that it would also be advantageous to consider predator populations, weather patterns, etc. in other patches before leaving the original path.
Chapter 12, Page 273: I'm a little confused by the role of the internal state. Are these differences between individuals representative of their personality?
Q2. You're right, these factors should be considered. I'll be sure to give some examples of this in action. Q3. Think motivation, variation in hunger, etc.
Chapter 12, page 257, When they mention dragonflies will intercept their prey, what exactly does that mean? do they cut in front of them to eat them or do they fly into to them to get them down and then attack? Chapter 12, page 261, Finding pored attached to gel-filled tubes in a sharks head is very interesting to see that is the cause for them sensing food 9 football fields away! Is this found in all sharks or the exact same other marine species like rays and skates too? Do they each have their own variation of how it is made up and works? Chapter 12, page 265, When foraging, there are a lot of details that can go into whether the animal will eat the food or not such as nutrition, predators near, if it tastes good or how rare it is. They mention how thats a lot of variables to look at at once and how they were going to only look at parts of the decision process. Do animals do this too when looking for food? Do they only consider a few things at once when deciding what food to chose?
1. Chapter 12, page 257-258. I am a little confused on what aggressive mimicry is. The definition in the book doesn't really make sense to me. What is aggressive mimicry exactly? 2. Chapter 12, page 268. The part where it says that energy alone isn't enough. Yes, while I understand this I don't really get how animals know they need these things. How does a moose know it has to take in a certain % of sodium, and how does it know what food has high sodium? If an animal needs this why don't they just eat more of the food the takes less energy to obtain so they don't use as much energy? Why do they use more energy when they could get the same benefit from eating something easier to get to at a higher rate, which would take less energy? 3. Chapter 12, Page 271-272. In the avoiding predators section, I am a little confused by how prey animals can change their foraging behavior based on what is going on around them. How do they know whether or not food is portable and how do they figure out the most dangerous times of day? What if there are certain foods they eat that are in a place with higher risk of predation, how do they get the food without being eaten? How do these animals know these things even when in a simulated lab environment?
Ch 2 page 58- when talking about traps and making an artifical bubble net, herring were more likely to swim through bubble nets as long as it's to catch up to conspecifics. In this scenario, do the herring do this because they want to stay with the group, or do they do this to decrease the chance that they'll get eaten and instead their conspecifics will get eaten? Ch 2 page 263-when the birds used a search image to detect certain prey, by generalizing to a certain prey type and ignoring images that aren't similar, are these birds perceiving maximum energy intake as the same across prey types. If so, if they could get more energy and nutrients from other prey types that they aren't catching, how could they be able to determine this? Ch 2 page 265- to determine search, capture and handling time, do you think trial and error kind of learning is important for animals to use for the next time they need to forage. There is a lot of analyzing and processing that goes into understanding these three concepts, so would trial and error be the best way to learn, or is there a better way to determine what type of food is better to eat?
1. P257: Tracking and Interception both seem very effective and efficient methods of prey capture. But if interception has a higher rate of success, as it takes meeting at a point and not as reliant on top-speed, why is it not more prevalent in predatory insects of animals of flight? 2) P. 260: Thermal Heat Sensory seems to be one of the most species-specific hunting advantages of any animal. But because prey is constantly evolving to outlast the predators, are they any animals that have a successful counter to heat-sensory? 3) P. 265: When talking about and measuring constraints and limitation of Optimal foraging, is there a way to decipher a limitation opposed to a preference? I may not understand or fully grasp what the idea of a constraint is on or how it applies to foraging.
1.) Chapter 12, page 257: In the dragonfly example, it said that they can curve to get to the prey, could they also do the interception method? Is one more effective than the other (use less energy, or is more accurate?)
2.) Chapter 12, page 262: Here in the platypus example, it says they close their eyes, nose and ears off when they forage for food and use primarily electrical signals. I was wondering if they kept their ears closed because they wouldn't be able to find prey by both sound and electrical fields? I know there isn't really much to hear underwater anyway, but do they just shut their ears because it doesn't help them or because it could make foraging somewhat confusing having two sensory inputs working at the same time?
3.) Chapter 12, page 270: Here in the crow and whelk example, it asks when offered the choice of a whelk or a clam that's slightly smaller and has a better calorie intake, it takes the larger whelk (which follows the rule of thumb. I was wondering if/when a rule of thumb could change?
Chapter 12, page 257: When talking about angler fish, they specified that females have the luminous appendage. Do males then have to have an entirely different foraging strategy? I had thought all angler fish had them, and it seems like a pretty significant sex difference that would influence a large part of their lives. Chapter 12, page 261: When talking about sharks' perception of electromagnetic signals, the book says they are tuned to slow-changing fields. With the example of fishes' internal salt solution, is this difference significantly stronger than the other pulses that they produce (hearts & brain activity)? Or is it just that the signal is maintained long enough to be picked up? Chapter 12, page 270: I assume this probably is dependent on the species, but are rules of thumb usually socially or independently learned, or a mix of both? Do we see different rules of thumb within a species, or even population?
1. Chapter 12, page 258: When talking about the ways in which certain species use aggressive mimicry, the author explains how some predatory species mimic beneficial species to lure their prey. My question here is how do these predators know what those beneficial species act like so they can mimic them? Is this something that is learned from observation? If so, it would seem as though it would take a decent amount of observation to learn how to so accurately mimic those beneficial species.
2. Chapter 12, page 260: The author states that the star-nosed mole's Eimar organs are extremely sensitive and fast-moving, allowing them to examine 300 meters of tunnel floor every day. I was wondering how much faster these organs are as compared to other moles? It would have been nice to have some sort of comparison just so I could really understand just how fast these organs are working.
3. Chapter 12, page 264: When discussing the topic of if there are any rules to make foraging as efficient as possible, I was thinking that if there were a set of rules for this, then wouldn't all species follow these rules? Why does it appear that some species are better at this so-called "optimal" foraging than others?
1. Chapter 12, page 257-258: In aggressive mimicry they talk about certain genders of species being able to mimic their prey or behaviors that their prey wouldn't avoid, but what happens with he other genders who do not have the same ability due to their physiology?
2. Chapter 12, page 267: In regards to the marginal value theorem can we discuss this more? I'm a little confused about it, I know when its time for me to leave an area but how do animals pick up on the right time to leave certain patches other than the obvious there is no more food. Or is that the only way they know?
3. Chapter 12, Page 273: When they discuss response to variability they talk about animals having to choose between two sites when there is a change in food availability. If there were two sites one with more food than the other but both were being hovered my predators would they still chose to feed? Or would they wait until a different time? Does this count as variability in the terms that they are talking?
Chapter 12, Page 263: Is search image formation connected to the idea that an adaptation is typically only beneficial when it is uncommon? Therefore when that image is common it is more often hunted by predators?
ReplyDeleteChapter 12, Page 267: Does the marginal value theorem only consider food resource availability? I would think that it would also be advantageous to consider predator populations, weather patterns, etc. in other patches before leaving the original path.
Chapter 12, Page 273: I'm a little confused by the role of the internal state. Are these differences between individuals representative of their personality?
Q2. You're right, these factors should be considered. I'll be sure to give some examples of this in action.
DeleteQ3. Think motivation, variation in hunger, etc.
Chapter 12, page 257, When they mention dragonflies will intercept their prey, what exactly does that mean? do they cut in front of them to eat them or do they fly into to them to get them down and then attack?
ReplyDeleteChapter 12, page 261, Finding pored attached to gel-filled tubes in a sharks head is very interesting to see that is the cause for them sensing food 9 football fields away! Is this found in all sharks or the exact same other marine species like rays and skates too? Do they each have their own variation of how it is made up and works?
Chapter 12, page 265, When foraging, there are a lot of details that can go into whether the animal will eat the food or not such as nutrition, predators near, if it tastes good or how rare it is. They mention how thats a lot of variables to look at at once and how they were going to only look at parts of the decision process. Do animals do this too when looking for food? Do they only consider a few things at once when deciding what food to chose?
1. Chapter 12, page 257-258. I am a little confused on what aggressive mimicry is. The definition in the book doesn't really make sense to me. What is aggressive mimicry exactly?
ReplyDelete2. Chapter 12, page 268. The part where it says that energy alone isn't enough. Yes, while I understand this I don't really get how animals know they need these things. How does a moose know it has to take in a certain % of sodium, and how does it know what food has high sodium? If an animal needs this why don't they just eat more of the food the takes less energy to obtain so they don't use as much energy? Why do they use more energy when they could get the same benefit from eating something easier to get to at a higher rate, which would take less energy?
3. Chapter 12, Page 271-272. In the avoiding predators section, I am a little confused by how prey animals can change their foraging behavior based on what is going on around them. How do they know whether or not food is portable and how do they figure out the most dangerous times of day? What if there are certain foods they eat that are in a place with higher risk of predation, how do they get the food without being eaten? How do these animals know these things even when in a simulated lab environment?
Ch 2 page 58- when talking about traps and making an artifical bubble net, herring were more likely to swim through bubble nets as long as it's to catch up to conspecifics. In this scenario, do the herring do this because they want to stay with the group, or do they do this to decrease the chance that they'll get eaten and instead their conspecifics will get eaten?
ReplyDeleteCh 2 page 263-when the birds used a search image to detect certain prey, by generalizing to a certain prey type and ignoring images that aren't similar, are these birds perceiving maximum energy intake as the same across prey types. If so, if they could get more energy and nutrients from other prey types that they aren't catching, how could they be able to determine this?
Ch 2 page 265- to determine search, capture and handling time, do you think trial and error kind of learning is important for animals to use for the next time they need to forage. There is a lot of analyzing and processing that goes into understanding these three concepts, so would trial and error be the best way to learn, or is there a better way to determine what type of food is better to eat?
1. P257: Tracking and Interception both seem very effective and efficient methods of prey capture. But if interception has a higher rate of success, as it takes meeting at a point and not as reliant on top-speed, why is it not more prevalent in predatory insects of animals of flight?
ReplyDelete2) P. 260: Thermal Heat Sensory seems to be one of the most species-specific hunting advantages of any animal. But because prey is constantly evolving to outlast the predators, are they any animals that have a successful counter to heat-sensory?
3) P. 265: When talking about and measuring constraints and limitation of Optimal foraging, is there a way to decipher a limitation opposed to a preference? I may not understand or fully grasp what the idea of a constraint is on or how it applies to foraging.
1.) Chapter 12, page 257: In the dragonfly example, it said that they can curve to get to the prey, could they also do the interception method? Is one more effective than the other (use less energy, or is more accurate?)
ReplyDelete2.) Chapter 12, page 262: Here in the platypus example, it says they close their eyes, nose and ears off when they forage for food and use primarily electrical signals. I was wondering if they kept their ears closed because they wouldn't be able to find prey by both sound and electrical fields? I know there isn't really much to hear underwater anyway, but do they just shut their ears because it doesn't help them or because it could make foraging somewhat confusing having two sensory inputs working at the same time?
3.) Chapter 12, page 270: Here in the crow and whelk example, it asks when offered the choice of a whelk or a clam that's slightly smaller and has a better calorie intake, it takes the larger whelk (which follows the rule of thumb. I was wondering if/when a rule of thumb could change?
Chapter 12, page 257: When talking about angler fish, they specified that females have the luminous appendage. Do males then have to have an entirely different foraging strategy? I had thought all angler fish had them, and it seems like a pretty significant sex difference that would influence a large part of their lives.
ReplyDeleteChapter 12, page 261: When talking about sharks' perception of electromagnetic signals, the book says they are tuned to slow-changing fields. With the example of fishes' internal salt solution, is this difference significantly stronger than the other pulses that they produce (hearts & brain activity)? Or is it just that the signal is maintained long enough to be picked up?
Chapter 12, page 270: I assume this probably is dependent on the species, but are rules of thumb usually socially or independently learned, or a mix of both? Do we see different rules of thumb within a species, or even population?
1. Chapter 12, page 258: When talking about the ways in which certain species use aggressive mimicry, the author explains how some predatory species mimic beneficial species to lure their prey. My question here is how do these predators know what those beneficial species act like so they can mimic them? Is this something that is learned from observation? If so, it would seem as though it would take a decent amount of observation to learn how to so accurately mimic those beneficial species.
ReplyDelete2. Chapter 12, page 260: The author states that the star-nosed mole's Eimar organs are extremely sensitive and fast-moving, allowing them to examine 300 meters of tunnel floor every day. I was wondering how much faster these organs are as compared to other moles? It would have been nice to have some sort of comparison just so I could really understand just how fast these organs are working.
3. Chapter 12, page 264: When discussing the topic of if there are any rules to make foraging as efficient as possible, I was thinking that if there were a set of rules for this, then wouldn't all species follow these rules? Why does it appear that some species are better at this so-called "optimal" foraging than others?
1. Chapter 12, page 257-258: In aggressive mimicry they talk about certain genders of species being able to mimic their prey or behaviors that their prey wouldn't avoid, but what happens with he other genders who do not have the same ability due to their physiology?
ReplyDelete2. Chapter 12, page 267: In regards to the marginal value theorem can we discuss this more? I'm a little confused about it, I know when its time for me to leave an area but how do animals pick up on the right time to leave certain patches other than the obvious there is no more food. Or is that the only way they know?
3. Chapter 12, Page 273: When they discuss response to variability they talk about animals having to choose between two sites when there is a change in food availability. If there were two sites one with more food than the other but both were being hovered my predators would they still chose to feed? Or would they wait until a different time? Does this count as variability in the terms that they are talking?